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<title>Equivocation</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Equivocation</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Equivocation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Equivocation (disambiguation)">Equivocation (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<p>In <a href="Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <b>equivocation</b> ("calling two different things by the same name") is an <a href="Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">informal fallacy</a> resulting from the use of a particular word or expression in multiple <a href="Word_sense" title="Word sense">senses</a> within an argument.<sup id="cite_ref-Damer2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damer2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It is a type of <a href="Semantic_ambiguity" title="Semantic ambiguity">ambiguity</a> that stems from a phrase having two or more distinct <a href="Meaning_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (linguistics)">meanings</a>, not from the grammar or structure of the sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-Damer2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damer2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fallacy_of_four_terms">Fallacy of four terms</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Fallacy_of_four_terms" title="Fallacy of four terms">Fallacy of four terms</a></div>

<p>Equivocation in a <a href="Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogism</a> (a chain of reasoning) produces a <a href="Fallacy_of_four_terms" title="Fallacy of four terms">fallacy of four terms</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quaternio terminorum</i></span>). Below is an example:

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<dl><dd>Since only man [human] is rational.</dd>

<dd>And no woman is a man [male].</dd>

<dd>Therefore, no woman is rational.<sup id="cite_ref-Damer2008_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damer2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<p>The first instance of "man" implies the entire human species, while the second implies just those who are male.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motte-and-bailey_fallacy">Motte-and-bailey fallacy</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Motte-and-bailey_fallacy" title="Motte-and-bailey fallacy">Motte-and-bailey fallacy</a></div>

<p>Equivocation can also be used to conflate two positions which share similarities, one modest and easy to defend and one much more controversial. The arguer advances the controversial position, but when challenged, they insist that they are only advancing the more modest position.

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<ul><li><a href="Antanaclasis" title="Antanaclasis">Antanaclasis</a>: A related purposeful rhetorical device</li>

<li><a href="Circumlocution" title="Circumlocution">Circumlocution</a>: Phrasing to explain something without saying it</li>

<li><a href="Organizational_information_theory#Equivocality" title="Organizational information theory">Equivocality: Organizational information theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Etymological_fallacy" title="Etymological fallacy">Etymological fallacy</a>: A kind of linguistic misconception</li>

<li><a href="Evasion_(ethics)" title="Evasion (ethics)">Evasion (ethics)</a>: Tell the truth while deceiving</li>

<li><a href="False_equivalence" title="False equivalence">False equivalence</a>: Fallacy based on flawed reasoning</li>

<li><a href="If-by-whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="If-by-whiskey">If-by-whiskey</a>: An example</li>

<li><a href="Map-territory_relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Map-territory relation">Map-territory relation</a>: Concept that words used to describe an underlying reality are arbitrary abstractions not to be confused with the reality itself</li>

<li><a href="Mental_reservation" title="Mental reservation">Mental reservation</a>: A doctrine in moral theology</li>

<li><a href="No_true_Scotsman" title="No true Scotsman">No true Scotsman</a>: Changing a definition to exclude a counter-example</li>

<li><a href="Persuasive_definition" title="Persuasive definition">Persuasive definition</a>: Skewed definition of term</li>

<li><a href="Plausible_deniability" title="Plausible deniability">Plausible deniability</a>: A blame-shifting technique</li>

<li><a href="Polysemy" title="Polysemy">Polysemy</a>: The property of word or phrase having certain type of multiple meanings</li>

<li><a href="Principle_of_explosion" title="Principle of explosion">Principle of explosion</a>: One of the fundamental laws in logic</li>

<li><a href="Syntactic_ambiguity" title="Syntactic ambiguity">Syntactic ambiguity</a>, Amphiboly, Amphibology: Ambiguity of a sentence by its grammatical structure</li>

<li><a href="When_a_white_horse_is_not_a_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="When a white horse is not a horse">When a white horse is not a horse</a>: An example</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDamer,_T._Edward2008" class="citation book cs1">Damer, T. Edward (21 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qZabUx0FmkC"><i>Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-Free Arguments</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. <span class="nowrap">121–</span>123. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-495-09506-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">Fischer, D. H.</a> (June 1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIvNG8Ect6gC&pg=305"><i>Historians' fallacies: toward a logic of historical thought</i></a>, Harper torchbooks (first ed.), New York: HarperCollins, p. 274, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-06-131545-9</bdi>, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185446787">185446787</a></cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/equivocation" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:equivocation"><i>equivocation</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Common_fallacies_(list)222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="Fallacy" title="Fallacy">fallacies</a> (<a href="List_of_fallacies" title="List of fallacies">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Formal_fallacy" title="Formal fallacy">Formal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="Propositional_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional calculus">propositional logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affirming_a_disjunct" title="Affirming a disjunct">Affirming a disjunct</a></li>

<li><a href="Affirming_the_consequent" title="Affirming the consequent">Affirming the consequent</a></li>

<li><a href="Denying_the_antecedent" title="Denying the antecedent">Denying the antecedent</a></li>

<li><a href="Argument_from_fallacy" title="Argument from fallacy">Argument from fallacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Masked-man_fallacy" title="Masked-man fallacy">Masked man</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_fallacy" title="Mathematical fallacy">Mathematical fallacy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="Quantifier_(logic)" title="Quantifier (logic)">quantificational logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Existential_fallacy" title="Existential fallacy">Existential</a></li>

<li><a href="Affirming_the_consequent" title="Affirming the consequent">Illicit conversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Proof_by_example" title="Proof by example">Proof by example</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantifier_shift" title="Quantifier shift">Quantifier shift</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Syllogistic_fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllogistic fallacy">Syllogistic fallacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affirmative_conclusion_from_a_negative_premise" title="Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise">Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_conclusion_from_affirmative_premises" title="Negative conclusion from affirmative premises">Negative conclusion from affirmative premises</a></li>

<li><a href="Fallacy_of_exclusive_premises" title="Fallacy of exclusive premises">Exclusive premises</a></li>

<li><a href="Existential_fallacy" title="Existential fallacy">Existential</a></li>

<li><a href="Modal_scope_fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal scope fallacy">Necessity</a></li>

<li><a href="Fallacy_of_four_terms" title="Fallacy of four terms">Four terms</a></li>

<li><a href="Illicit_major" title="Illicit major">Illicit major</a></li>

<li><a href="Illicit_minor" title="Illicit minor">Illicit minor</a></li>

<li><a href="Fallacy_of_the_undistributed_middle" title="Fallacy of the undistributed middle">Undistributed middle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">Informal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equivocation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="False_equivalence" title="False equivalence">False equivalence</a></li>

<li><a href="False_attribution" title="False attribution">False attribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_equivalence" title="Moral equivalence">Moral equivalence</a></li>

<li><a href="Quoting_out_of_context" title="Quoting out of context">Quoting out of context</a></li>

<li><a href="Loki's_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Loki's Wager">Loki's Wager</a></li>

<li><a href="No_true_Scotsman" title="No true Scotsman">No true Scotsman</a></li>

<li><a href="Reification_(fallacy)" title="Reification (fallacy)">Reification</a>

<ul><li><a href="Map%E2%80%93territory_relation" title="Map–territory relation">Map–territory relation</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Question-begging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Circular_reasoning" title="Circular reasoning">Circular reasoning</a> / <a href="Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li>

<li><a href="Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a>

<ul><li><a href="Leading_question" title="Leading question">Leading question</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Double-barreled_question" title="Double-barreled question">Compound question</a> / <a href="Loaded_question" title="Loaded question">Loaded question</a> / <a href="Complex_question" title="Complex question">Complex question</a></li>

<li><a href="No_true_Scotsman" title="No true Scotsman">No true Scotsman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Correlative-based_fallacies" title="Correlative-based fallacies">Correlative-based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nirvana_fallacy" title="Nirvana fallacy">Perfect solution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Denying_the_correlative" title="Denying the correlative">Denying the correlative</a></li>

<li><a href="Suppressed_correlative" title="Suppressed correlative">Suppressed correlative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fallacies_of_illicit_transference" title="Fallacies of illicit transference">Illicit transference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fallacy_of_composition" title="Fallacy of composition">Composition</a></li>

<li><a href="Fallacy_of_division" title="Fallacy of division">Division</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_fallacy" title="Ecological fallacy">Ecological</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Secundum_quid" title="Secundum quid">Secundum quid</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accident_(fallacy)" title="Accident (fallacy)">Accident</a></li>

<li><a href="Converse_accident" title="Converse accident">Converse accident</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Faulty_generalization" title="Faulty generalization">Faulty generalization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">Anecdotal evidence</a></li>

<li><a href="Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">Sampling bias</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li>

<li><a href="McNamara_fallacy" title="McNamara fallacy">McNamara</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Base_rate_fallacy" title="Base rate fallacy">Base rate</a> / <a href="Conjunction_fallacy" title="Conjunction fallacy">Conjunction</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_counting_(fallacy)" title="Double counting (fallacy)">Double counting</a></li>

<li><a href="Argument_from_analogy" title="Argument from analogy">False analogy</a></li>

<li><a href="Slothful_induction" title="Slothful induction">Slothful induction</a></li>

<li><a href="Overwhelming_exception" title="Overwhelming exception">Overwhelming exception</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fallacy_of_accent" title="Fallacy of accent">Accent</a></li>

<li><a href="False_precision" title="False precision">False precision</a></li>

<li><a href="Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">Moving the goalposts</a></li>

<li><a href="Quoting_out_of_context" title="Quoting out of context">Quoting out of context</a></li>

<li><a href="Slippery_slope" title="Slippery slope">Slippery slope</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorites_paradox" title="Sorites paradox">Sorites paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="Syntactic_ambiguity" title="Syntactic ambiguity">Syntactic ambiguity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animistic_fallacy" title="Animistic fallacy">Animistic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Furtive_fallacy" title="Furtive fallacy">Furtive</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Correlation implies causation

<li><a href="Gambler's_fallacy" title="Gambler's fallacy">Gambler's</a>

<ul><li><a href="Inverse_gambler's_fallacy" title="Inverse gambler's fallacy">Inverse</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Regression_fallacy" title="Regression fallacy">Regression</a></li>

<li><a href="Fallacy_of_the_single_cause" title="Fallacy of the single cause">Single cause</a></li>

<li><a href="Slippery_slope" title="Slippery slope">Slippery slope</a></li>

<li><a href="Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy" title="Texas sharpshooter fallacy">Texas sharpshooter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appeals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Appeal_to_the_law" title="Appeal to the law">Law/Legality</a></li>

<li><a href="Appeal_to_the_stone" title="Appeal to the stone">Stone</a> / <a href="Proof_by_assertion" title="Proof by assertion">Proof by assertion</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Appeal_to_consequences" title="Appeal to consequences">Consequences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Argumentum_ad_baculum" title="Argumentum ad baculum">Argumentum ad baculum</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Wishful_thinking" title="Wishful thinking">Wishful thinking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Emotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Think_of_the_children" title="Think of the children">Children</a></li>

<li><a href="Appeal_to_flattery" title="Appeal to flattery">Flattery</a></li>

<li><a href="Appeal_to_novelty" title="Appeal to novelty">Novelty</a></li>

<li><a href="Appeal_to_ridicule" title="Appeal to ridicule">Ridicule</a></li>

<li><a href="In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li>

<li><a href="Invented_here" class="mw-redirect" title="Invented here">Invented here</a> / <a href="Not_invented_here" title="Not invented here">Not invented here</a></li>

<li><a href="Island_mentality" title="Island mentality">Island mentality</a></li>

<li><a href="Appeal_to_loyalty" title="Appeal to loyalty">Loyalty</a></li>

<li><a href="Parade_of_horribles" title="Parade of horribles">Parade of horribles</a></li>

<li><a href="Appeal_to_spite" class="mw-redirect" title="Appeal to spite">Spite</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag-waving" title="Flag-waving">Stirring symbols</a></li>

<li><a href="Wisdom_of_repugnance" title="Wisdom of repugnance">Wisdom of repugnance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetic_fallacy" title="Genetic fallacy">Genetic fallacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ad_hominem18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Ad hominem</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Appeal_to_motive" title="Appeal to motive">Appeal to motive</a></li>

<li><a href="Association_fallacy" title="Association fallacy">Association</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Reductio_ad_Hitlerum" title="Reductio ad Hitlerum">Reductio ad Hitlerum</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Red-baiting" title="Red-baiting">Reductio ad Stalinum</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bulverism" title="Bulverism">Bulverism</a></li>

<li><a href="Poisoning_the_well" title="Poisoning the well">Poisoning the well</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Tu_quoque" title="Tu quoque">Tu quoque</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Argument_from_authority" title="Argument from authority">Authority</a>

<ul><li><a href="Appeal_to_accomplishment" title="Appeal to accomplishment">Accomplishment</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ipse_dixit" title="Ipse dixit">Ipse dixit</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Argumentum_ad_lazarum" title="Argumentum ad lazarum">Poverty</a> / <a href="Argumentum_ad_crumenam" title="Argumentum ad crumenam">Wealth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Etymological_fallacy" title="Etymological fallacy">Etymology</a></li>

<li><a href="Appeal_to_nature" title="Appeal to nature">Nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Appeal_to_tradition" title="Appeal to tradition">Tradition</a> / <a href="Appeal_to_novelty" title="Appeal to novelty">Novelty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chronological_snobbery" title="Chronological snobbery">Chronological snobbery</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="Fallacy_of_relevance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallacy of relevance">fallacies<br> of relevance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arguments13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Argument" title="Argument">Arguments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Ad_nauseam" title="Ad nauseam">Ad nauseam</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Sealioning" title="Sealioning">Sealioning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Argument_from_anecdote" title="Argument from anecdote">Argument from anecdote</a></li>

<li><a href="Argument_from_silence" title="Argument from silence">Argument from silence</a></li>

<li><a href="Argument_to_moderation" title="Argument to moderation">Argument to moderation</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Four_Great_Errors" title="The Four Great Errors">The Four Great Errors</a></i></li>

<li><a href="I'm_entitled_to_my_opinion" title="I'm entitled to my opinion">I'm entitled to my opinion</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Irrelevant_conclusion" title="Irrelevant conclusion">Ignoratio elenchi</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Invincible_ignorance_fallacy" title="Invincible ignorance fallacy">Invincible ignorance</a></li>

<li><a href="Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic</a> / <a href="Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">Naturalistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Motte-and-bailey_fallacy" title="Motte-and-bailey fallacy">Motte-and-bailey fallacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychologist's_fallacy" title="Psychologist's fallacy">Psychologist's fallacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a>

<ul><li><a href="Two_wrongs_make_a_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Two wrongs make a right">Two wrongs make a right</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Special_pleading" title="Special pleading">Special pleading</a></li>

<li><a href="Straw_man" title="Straw man">Straw man</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-11-21" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Equivocation&oldid=1258724976">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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